I highly recommend 'setup.sh' script for installing the LightTwinSVM program automatically. It does all the necessary steps for installing the program. However, for some reasons like installation issues using the setup script, you may need to follow installation steps to install the program manually.In this page, a step-by-step guide is written for manual installation of the LightTwinSVM program on Linux and OSX systems.
For clarity, the original post is asking about mathematical (linear algebra) libraries (usually in FORTRAN or C) that are included with macOS. Though virtually any commercial C/C compiler may be used with SciPy, OS X comes with GNU C compilers pre-installed. The only thing missing is the GNU FORTRAN compiler. We recommend gfortran; this is a free, open source, F95 compiler.
A note for OSX users: Before proceeding this guide, make sure that Apple XCode is installed on your OSX system.
Support: If you have encountered an error or problem during the building process, please follow the support instructions here to contact the program's maintainer.
Step 1:
First of all, you need to make sure that Python 3.5 or newer is installed on your system. In order to do so, run the following command in the terminal:
If Python 3 is not present on your system, you should be able to find a guide on the internet which explains how to install Python 3 on a particular platform.
Step 2:
Run the following command to clone LightTwinSVM repository to a directory of your interest:
Please keep in mind that for the rest of this guide, it is assumed that your working directory in the terminal is '../LightTwinSVM'.
Step 3:
As mentioned here, LightTwinSVM depends on several Python packages to work. Therefore, you need to make sure that the pip tool is installed on your system for installing required Python packages. Run the following command to check the installation of the pip tool on your system:
If the pip tool is not available on your system, check out its official documentation for the installation procedure. Moreover, it is suggested to update the pip tool to the latest version by running the following command:
Step 4:
To install all the necessary Python packages for LightTwinSVM, run the following command:
Step 5: (For Linux users only)
You need to check that tkinter module is available in your Python 3 distribution. Therefore, run the following command:
If an ImportError is shown, then you have to install tkinter package. Run the following command based on your Linux distribution:
Debian-based Linux distro:
RPM-based Linux distro:
Step 6: (For Linux users only)
In order to compile C/C++ extension modules, you need to check that Python 3 header files and libraries are available on your Linux system. Hence run the following command:
The above command should return a '.cpython-*-linux-gnu.so' extension suffix. If not, you need to install Python 3 dev files. Run the following command based on your Linux distribution:
Debian-based Linux distro:
RPM-based Linux distro:
Step 7: (For Linux users only)
LAPACK library is needed for compiling and linking the LightTwinSVM's C++ extension module. Therefore, you need to make sure that this library is installed on your system. Run the following command in the terminal to check the installation of LAPACK:
The above command should return the path at which LAPACK is installed on your Linux system. Otherwise, you should install LAPACK library by running one of the following commands based on your Linux distribution:
Debian-based Linux distro:
RPM-based Linux distro:
Step 8:
The LightTwinSVM's extension module depends on Armadillo which is a C++ linear algebra library. Therefore, you need to clone Armadillo's repository to have its header files for compilation. Again, make sure that your working directory in the terminal is '../LightTwinSVM'. Now, run the following command to complete this step:
Step 9:
To install the optimizer package for LightTwinSVM, run one of the following commands based on your OS:
Linux:
OSX:
After the compilation, you may check out whether the optimizer module exists in its own package by running the following command:
Step 10:
This is the last step for running the LightTwinSVM program. To complete the installation process, the 'result' directory should be created for saving spreadsheets containing classification results:
To check that the program works properly, it is highly suggested to run unit tests by executing the following command (however, it is optional and takes several minutes.):
When all the tests are finished, it is expected that the tests are passed with the 'OK' message.
Finally, the LightTwinSVM program can be launched by running the following command in the terminal:
Moreover, a user guide is provided here to help users employ the program for solving their classfication problems.
Running the latest software is not always the best decision. There are plenty of reasons you might want to downgrade or run an older version of macOS on your computer.
You may find that after the latest update your computer runs slower, your apps don’t function, or that the programs you need to run are not yet compatible with the upgrade. Maybe as a developer, you want to create a test environment to ensure your software runs properly in all available versions of OS X - check out the infographic below. Or you may simply like the look of the old version better (no judgement) and not want to upgrade until absolutely necessary.
Keep your apps while downgrading
Get Setapp, a collection of Mac apps that strengthen your macOS. Whenever you decide to downgrade, your apps will travel with you.
How to Install Old OS X on Your Mac
Although you might think that going back to the old macOS is not possible by looking at the App Store Updates tab, it’s actually quite easy to do. In this article, we’ll take you through everything you need to download and install an old OS X on your Mac.
Prepare your Mac first
Make sure you are ready to downgrade your operating system by checking in with what version of OS X you already have and ensuring you have enough hard drive room to download the older version. Clicking the apple in the top left corner of your desktop and selecting About This Mac will allow you to see what OS X version you are currently running. Tabbing over to Storage will let you know how much disk space you have available. You’ll need around around eight gigabytes free depending on which macOS you downgrade to.
Even if you do have enough space, it’s a good idea to clean your computer before installing the desired operating system. You can, of course, do so manually by deleting unused files and uninstalling old software to free up disk space. Depending on how tidy you are, this might take quite a bit of time.
To make things easy, use a specialized app like CleanMyMac, which will quickly free up space by detecting unused apps and large files, and offering to completely delete them, with all their hidden corresponding files, in one quick click.
Optimizing your Mac with CleanMyMac is effortless:
To uninstall certain apps, find the Uninstaller tab and select the apps you haven’t been using for a while.
Download CMM X to prepare for Catalina
The only solution that will free up disk space, uninstall 32-bit apps, and solve tons of problems to prepare your Mac for a new macOS.
The final preparation step is to make sure you back up all your important files to cloud storage or an external drive. A proper backup app like Get Backup Pro can save you a lot of headache here.
To create a new backup with Get Backup Pro:
Grab an old macOS with Setapp
Downgrading to previous operating systems on Mac gets easier. To put it shortly, Setapp has your back here.
Download the OS X you want
Once you have space on your computer, figure out what version of OS X you would like to install. You can see all previous versions of OS X your Mac has installed by opening up the App Store and clicking the icon in Applications. Tab to the Purchase page of the menu and scroll down to find the line for previous operating systems. Clicking the install button of the macOS you want will begin downloading the file.
What if I can’t find the version I want in the app store?
If your goal is to download a version of macOS that you have not already used, or, that was not available as an update from the App Store after you bought your Mac, you may need to purchase it. The earliest versions, OS X Lion and OS X Mountain Lion are available on the Apple Store’s website and arrive to you via email for download. OS X Snow Leopard ships as a boxed version and requires a disk drive to install.
It could be helpful to know where you sit on the timeline of macOS X updates. Below is a chronological list of all the updates beginning with the most recent update, High Sierra, released in 2017:
Visiting the Apple Support’s Downloads page makes it easy to search for any version of macOS you might need, and most are available for free. Downloads for previous versions of OS X are linked below and include:
Alternative sources for downloading macOS
If you can’t find the version you want from Apple, ask a friend who is running the macOS you’re looking for to make a copy of the installer file for you. Downloading a .dmg file from a torrent site may seem a quick solution, but it means risking your security. Alternatively, you could hit up your nearest Apple Store. They will likely have image files of all the different versions of the software and help you install it right there as well.
Install the macOS
If you download the file from the App Store, the installer will start immediately. Follow the prompts and be prepared to restart your computer. If you acquire the installer from another source, just downloading the file will not install the OS X right away on your Mac, you’ll need to find the file in your Downloads or Applications folder, then open and run the installer from the downloaded file.
I can’t download an old version of Mac OS X
A downgrade is different than an upgrade. When you try to downgrade macOS, the installer may not launch right away depending on which versions of macOS you are moving between. If your installer does not launch, or you get an error message that reads: “This copy of the ‘Install OS X’ application is too old to be opened on this version of OS X,” you’ll need to use a bootable USB or external drive to work around this problem.
Get a bootable drive with OS X
Creating a bootable USB or a bootable drive is not complicated. You’ll need an external drive with enough space to hold your desired OS X on it and a basic familiarity with Terminal, Apple’s command line interface.
If you’re uncomfortable using Terminal to execute basic commands, use an app like Disk Drill to help create a boot drive. Whether you use Terminal or Disk Drill, our guide on creating a bootable installer will walk you through all the necessary steps.
Remove the old OS X
Once your drive is prepared with your bootable version of OS X, erase the unwanted version. After you restart your computer, press and hold Command + R. When you enter the macOS Utilities screen, navigate to Disk Utility, click continue, and find your Startup Disk. Tab to the Erase page and name the file you want erased (e.g. macOS High Sierra). Then select Mac OS Extended (Journaled) from the dropdown menu. Hit Erase and quit out of Disk Utility. This will return you to the OS X Utilities selector.
Install the bootable version of OS X
If you used Disk Drill for creating your bootable drive, a window will prompt your actions for using the install disk you made. But if you created your own using Terminal, use OS X Utilities Selector and find Reinstall OS X. Find and select your install disk with your bootable version of your preferred macOS, and click continue through to the license agreement. Once you agree, you should be prompted by the installer. Once the installation is completed, your computer should restart. If it does not restart itself, make sure you restart it normally. The downgrade should be complete!
As you can see, downgrading your OS X is not as dreadful as you might think, especially if you use helper apps like CleanMyMac, Get Backup Pro, and Disk Drill — all of which are available for a free trial on Setapp. So downgrade away!
macOS evolution inforgaphic
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December 2022
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